Wednesday, 2 November 2011

P.E.E

  • Point - your comment about the area of representation. e.g. youth is represented through digetic sound.

  • Evidence - your micro element that tells us this e.g. the dialogue is colloquial.

  • Explanation - link the two e.g. this conforms to a stereotypical view of young teenagers, that they are rebellious in speaking their own language.

Representation of Age in TV Dramas

teenagers/youths are often represented to be in gangs.

Mise-en-scene: Scruffy school uniform represents age and rebellion.
Camera: Low angled shot to teacher showing how age has authority over the youths.



Youth
Old age
Positive
Attractive
Physically and mentally able
Outgoing
Sociable
Fun
Innocent
Wise
Achievement
Educated
Freedom
Experience
Negative
Lack Responsibility
Vulnerable
Naïve
Rebellious
Hormonal
Very stereotyped by media
Restrictions
Conform to cliché
Stereotyped to be rude
Mental/physical health
Weak
Lonely
Vulnerable
Dependant





Mise-en-scene - walking stick, make up/hair, hoodies, zimmer frame.
low key lighting - depressing tone connoting loneliness and elderly people
high key lighting - bright connotes fun and youths/
pubs, parks, town.

Cinematography - high angled camera shots over the youths to show authority or to make the old people vulnerable. Panning shots to show the location of the binary opposition places. youths may be filmed without a tripod to emphasise vibrancy and how they run around unlike old people staying still in comparison.

Sound - youths are associated with loud music (R&B/Rock) Foley sounds of shoes/chatter. old people are associated with quietness and bird chirps or classic/jazz music to represent their age.

Editing - fast paces younger. jump shots to show their slow movement. longer shots for old people to show authority



Skins Trailer - pubs connoting youths, hoodies laughter, being looked down on by older generation. dark alleys. stereotypicall youths causing trouble. rebelling. low lighting. musty atmosphere. sting shot used to break the fun and start violence (emhapshis) can also connote hormones and mood swings.


 P.E.E
Youths are often stereotyped to be rebellious, hormonal and having mood swings. this is shown by a sting shot to show the quick change between their joyful and fun mood into agression and anger as the riot breaks out.

In the sequence the binary oppositions of youth and adults is shown and how they oppose. High angled shots are used to look down on the youths to show the authority that the adults have over them. however this is contradicted as a slowmotion cross dissolve shot is used to show their freedom and rebellion against society.

Monday, 31 October 2011

Disability in TV Dramas

The Inbetweeners - 'juggasuarusrex' used to objectify the women therefore supporting L Mulvey's theory.

the use of the word 'gay' in the wrong context may offend people.

Mise-en-scene - set in a park therefore bringing in versimilitude, natural lighting, reflects summer time. In addition the people running around in the park are binary oppositons to the girl in the wheelchairs. the carer doesn't speak English therefore the lack of communication can represent disability

Camera angles - high angled shot is used to look down on the girl in the wheelchair which could suggest her weakness

Editing - eyeline shot of them all looking at the frisbee. pan shot used to quickly show the disabled girl.


Paul Hunt identified 10 stereotypes that the media use to portray disabled people:
  • The disabled person as pitiable or pathetic
  • An object of curiosity or violence
  • Sinister or evil
  • The super cripple
  • As atmosphere
  • Laughable
  • His/her own worst enemy
  • As Burden
  • As non-sexual
  • Being unable to participate in daily life.


The Cast offs
camera angles - pan shot used to show the distance of how far he has to travel.
the audience is made to sympathise with him
flashbacks help the audiene to identify more with the character.
jump cuts used to show time has passed and emphasise how long it takes him.
the isolated lonley island helps to show his feelings and how society acts towards him.
the dull grainy atmosphere helps to represent the disabilty of the man.




A variety of differnt techniques are used in 'Cast offs' to portray disabilty. for example a pan shot is used to along the beach to show how far Dan has to travel in his wheelchair therefore emphasising how hard it is for him and making the audience sympathise with him. in addition to this jump cuts are frequently used to show how time has passed and reinforce how long it has taken him to get across. by doing this it shows that disabled people can be seen by some audiences as incapable or pitiable (Paul Hunt). Throughout the editing flashbacks are used to evoke emotion of his past and help the audience feel more involved as they learn he has not always been in a wheelchair. therefore the audience begin to identify more with the character.

The term 'cast offs' could suggest that because he is disabled he is being thrown to the side. therefore stereotyping people with disabilities. in addition the dull isolated island may connote how the man feels lonely and isolated from the rest of society. Cast offs could be compared to the programme shipwrecked as they contrasrt in many ways.

Wednesday, 19 October 2011

Codes & Conventions

Codes are symbols of a particular drama e.g. Knife and blood represents horror genre.
E.g. Tv drama codes







Conventions - unwrtitten rules of audience expectations e.g. chase scene in a horror film.
                      Good vs. Evil
Tv Dramas -
                      Realistic locations
                      shot reverse shot
                      Realistic narratives



Characters - even particular kinds of characters e.g. at its most simple 'good' and 'bad' characters.

Stories - they all tell stories wether those stories involve adventure or drama

Camerawork - particular kinds of shots are used e.g. sequences involving establishing shots followed by midshots of characters. shot reverse shot to show the character interaction and in particular, close ups to show the characters emotions.

Music - used to punctuate the action, create affects (suspension and tension) and underline emotional moments.
Particular subgenres tend to have items which make them immediatley identifable e.g. police cars/blue lights or surgeons to symbolise subgenres.

Exemplar Paragraph

A final way in which representations of gender have been displayed is through camera work. For example the low angle looking down on the male in the whole illustrates his vulnerability and helpless position which displays him as subordinate. However a different low angle in conveying the tiger illustrates dominance of man and a hierarchy with the animal being lower. Establishing shots such as before the male jumps looking on in the long distant horizontal plane suggests his thoughts which leads to the male’s hasty decision. An extreme close up on the woman’s face when she’s been knocked down suggest demonstrates her fear and panic further suggesting the women’s weak position compared to the male. A pivot shot is used which creates the effect as the camera is on a fixed position that someone or something would be looking at them for example the dangerous tiger which overall represents vulnerability to the male and the woman.

Tuesday, 18 October 2011

Exampler Response Essay

G322 Candidate Exemplar Response
Date: June 2010
Representation: Gender
Throughout the extract representations of gender are illustrated through various elements such as editing and sound. A mix of dominance and equality is produced through the extract however overall it is conveyed that women are physically subordinate compared to physically strong and stereotypically hegemonic male.
Representations of gender have been clearly illustrated throughout editing. For example a mix of pivot/panorama shots as well as fast tracking shots have been incorporated when the girl is trying to save and protect the male character. This illustrates the fast movement and action of the cut however it may also signify a chaotic environment where women struggle to take and maintain power. Another example of a tracking shot is portrayed when the male character is travelling down the rope. This editing however demonstrates to the audience the thought and power the character has from making a quick rational decision which is a stereotype of male behaviour. A long establishing shot is used which clearly signifies the three male characters in an equal line. The equal line personally connotes equality however as the majority of characters were male this illustrates women inferiorly in serious situations. Near the end of the extract one male in the process of saving a women from another dangerous man however the framing of the cut demonstrates representations of gender. For example the female protagonist was placed significantly behind the male which illustrates the girl’s subordination compared to the male.
The next element which produces representations of gender is through sound.
In one cut once the female had saved the male from the life threatening situation from the dialogue such as “Come on” with a high intensity, provoking the animal, suggests bravery and a strong masculinity. This dialogue may have been said as an attempt to regain status as he’s just been saved by a girl. At the start of the first cut a synchronisation from the strings is displayed when the music matches to the sombre or negative topic. “Let her go” by a different male suggest he may think of the male as being superior therefore shouldn’t have to run after her. In this scene within the barn one female protagonist was trying to bribe the male character through dialogue. Therefore this could represent woman being manipulative to convery power in antithesis to males who assert their power in a physical manner. “My best coat!” also creates representation of women such as an obsession of appearance and vanity. However positive representations towards woman are also portrayed. For example once one woman has undertaken the stressful experience the other female protagonist says “you okay” which suggests women to be expressive and caring in contrast to males who are minimal with their dialogue. The diegetic sound the dogs barking emphasise the bad situation of the woman conveying the woman’s vulnerability further. This is also emphasised by the harsh sound effects which build and sustain tension creating a climax.
The next factor which displays representations is through mise en scene. Expressions play a key role, for example when the blonde male is approached by the sabre toothed tiger his expression coveys fear leading to a sympathetic response from the audience however this contrasts greatly to the calm and collective expression of the girl, which suggests a swap in roles involving dominance. At the start of the scene the colour intensity is high on the male compared to the grainy background. This demonstrates the natural setting however focuses the attention on the male protagonist which could suggest male superiority. The females clothing (blonde) presents a male style which is in contrast to the stereotypes of a feminine woman, however another female character in the film is represented with a high pride in her appearance which conforms to the stereotype.
This however portrays the different roles and characteristics of women which may have changed in contemporary times. The props such as the heavy machinery emit
connotations such as manual masculine feelings. However the female is in charge of the stereotypical male vehicle. Therefore this suggests equality and an improvement of women within jobs and status compared to the traditional domestic duties. Even though the women within the extract portray dominance through props, the male characters continually illustrate dominance. For example the males usage of the guns for example, the shot gun in the barn and the hand gun involving the key protagonists. This contrasts to how the brunette women displays authority by attempting blackmail. Overall this could suggest males and women are equally dominant although just portray it through different criteria.
A final way in which representations of gender have been displayed is through camera work. For example the low angle looking down on the male in the whole illustrates his vulnerability and helpless position which displays him as subordinate. However a different low angle in conveying the tiger illustrates dominance of man and a hierarchy with the animal being lower. Establishing shots such as before the male jumps looking on in the long distant horizontal plane suggests his thoughts which leads to the male’s hasty decision. An extreme close up on the woman’s face when she’s been knocked down suggest demonstrates her fear and panic further suggesting the women’s weak position compared to the male. A pivot shot is used which creates the effect as the camera is on a fixed position that someone or something would be looking at them for example the dangerous tiger which overall represents vulnerability to the male and the woman.
Overall the particular extract conveys elements of representation through various ways of media aspects. In conclusion a mix of equality is suggested overall, however the traditions where the male characters save the day are clearly presented. Although a mix of response from empathy juxtaposed to spite is displayed from the audience involving both genders.

Explanation/Analysis/Argument:  /20
Use of Example:  /20
Terminology:   /10

Friday, 7 October 2011

Editing

the idea of editing is coordinating the different shots in order to create a coherent whole. This system of editing is continuity editing - its purpose is to create and provide efficient and artful transitions.

  • In filmmaking, the task selecting and joining and camera takes.
  • In the finished film, the set of techniques that governs the relation among shots
Editing is the process of preparing language, images, or sound through correction, condensation, organisation, and or other modifications in various media.. Editing is therefore, also a practice that includes creative skills, human relations.

Juxtaposition and meaning

Edwin S. Porter, the great train robbery 1903 shots in sequence to create meaning for audience. From exterior shots to set, audience is encouraged to believe the events they see are immediatley sequential.

The Kuleshov Effect
  • Lev Kuleshov, cicra 1920: intercut an actors face with unrelated footage taken later.
  • Audiences interpreted emotional responses on the actors face based on the juxtaposition.

Contrast 'four main functions' of film editing
  • Make sure that the production is the required length of time.
  • To remove unwanted material or mistakes
  • To alter if needed the the way or the sequence in which events will be portrayed
  • To establlish the particular style and character of a production

Graphic Relations

  •  A graphic match is acheived by joining 2 shots together that have a similarity in terms of light/dark line or shape, volume or depth, movement or stasis.
  • A graphically discontinuous edit creates a clash of visual content by joinuing 2 shots that are disimilar in terms of on or more of the above things e.g. light or dark.
Rhythmic Relations

  • the rhythm shows juxtapositions of longer and shorter shots as well as through transitional devices that can affect the precievers sense of beat or tempo. E.g. Merlin - Short shots and queen longer shots therefore showing authority.
Rhythmic Transitional Devices.

  • Straight cut
  • Fade out
  • Fade in
  • Dissolve
  • Wipe
  • Flip frame
  • Jump cut

Temporal Relations

some tv programmes the  narrative duration can vary from 1 hour to 1 year. to show this the characters appearances change to show the duration of the narrative.

Chronology

the two most common disruptions to chronological order are flash backs and flashforwards.


Spatial relations

providing preceivers a reliable sense of the physical space that constitutes the world of film.

  • Establishing shot
  • Shot/Reverse shot
  • Eyeline match (POV shot)
  • Re-establishing shot

Thematic Relations

Editors have thier disposal tow very powerful techniques for manipulating the preceivers place in the hierachy of knowledge, and therefore affecting our thematic understanding of the film.

Montage Sequences
Cross Cut Editing